The Changing Family Revealed in Grapes of Wrath Essay -- Grapes Wrath

The Changing Family Revealed in Grapes of Wrath The emphasis on family in America is decreasing. Divorce rates, single-pargonnt households, and children born out of wedlock are all increasing. Furthermore, instead of the network of aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins, and other relatives that was prevalent in early America, Americans today are more distant from their extended family. As sociologist David Elkind said in a 1996 interview with Educational Leadership, Instead of togetherness, we have a new focus on autonomy. The individual becomes more important than the family (4). This means that one of the underlying needs of humanity, belongingness and love, is very likely going unfilled in many people. The changing family isnt a new issue. joke Steinbeck began to explore the changes taking place in the family during the Great Depression in The Grapes of Wrath. Though the book has many layers and themes, one of the major ones is the changing family. In 1933, six years before p ublishing the Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck wrote a letter to George Albee saying, Man also arranges himself into larger units, which I have called the phalanx (Life in Letters, 79). He cites religion, the MOB, and various war-time armies as examples of a phalanx, but surely the family unit locomote into the category of larger, interconnected groups of people. In the Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck explores the need for family and the changing family structure through the lens of a Great Depression era family, the Joads. That the Joad family mutates due to their trials is undoubtable. What the Joads were like earlier can only be imagined. By the beginning of the novel, the family has already lost its home and had to move in wi... ...ace in the World. New York New York University Press, 1993. * Morrow, Jeff. Personal Interview. April 23, 1998. * Noble, Donald R. ed. The Steinbeck pass New Essays in Criticism. Troy, New York, 1993. * Pipher, Mary. Reviving Ophelia. New York Ballantine Books, 1994. * Steinbeck, John. A Life in Letters. New York Penguin Books, 1969. * Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York Penguin Books, 1930. * Swerdlow, Amy, et al. Families in Flux. New York The Feminist Press,1989. * Timmerman, John H. John Steinbecks Fiction The Aesthetics of the Road Taken. Norman University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. * Weiten, Wayne. Psychology Themes and Variations, Third Edition. Pacific Grove Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1997. * Wyatt, David ed. New Essays on The Grapes of Wrath. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Genetically Modified Foods: To Label or Not To Label? Essay -- Genetic

Plants or animals that atomic number 18 created through gene slicing techniques of genetic engineering are called genetically modified organisms or, GMOs. This technique for creating plants and animals was first done in the 1970s. According to Non-GMO Project, This experimental technology merges DNA from different species, creating unstable combinations of plant, animal, bacterial and viral genes that cannot occur in nature or in traditional crossbreeding. (Non-GMO Project). This font of genetic modification has started to worry people. Companies are currently not required to label their products to inform customers that their product contains GMOs, and only a few of the many companies voluntarily label their products as GMO-free.Many such as, Journalist for the Santa Fe New Mexican, Jessica Emerson, feel like it is our right to know what companies are putting in the foods we are buying. There are others that disagree such as, physician and molecular biologist Henry Miller he argu es that it is unnecessary and unconstitutional for companies to be required to label their products. This has made quite a controversy. Products sold in Oregon that contain GMOs should be required to be clearly labeled so consumers can occupy healthy and informed choice on the foods they decide to purchase.The use of GMOs in foods has drastically risen in the United States. The Non-GMO project, a non-profit organization supports this by saying, In the U.S., GMOs are in as much as 80% of conventional processed food(Non-GMO Project). I decided to go shopping to try and encounter as many products as I could that were labeled GMO-free, I only found one product labeled GMO-free. Many people that purchase vegetables or fruits at the store are unaware that the foods they ar... ...ael. Why GMO Labeling Wont Increase Food Prices. Grist.org. Grist, 13 Oct. 2013. Web. 01 Dec. 2013.Miller, Henry I., and Gregory Conko. Labeling of familialally Modified Foods Is Unnecessary and Unconstitutiona l. Genetic Engineering. Ed. Nol Merino. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 20 Nov. 2013.Labeling Food and Ingredients Developed from GM Seed. Monsanto.com. Monsanto, Mar. 2013. Web. 02 Dec. 2013.MRSA. CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 16 Sept. 2013. Web. 30 Nov. 2013.Weise, Elizabeth. Washington State Voters stand Labeling of GMO Foods. USA Today. Gannett, 6 Nov. 2013. Web. 29 Nov. 2013.Tady, Megan. Genetically Modified Foods Should Be Labeled. Genetic Engineering. Ed. David M. Haugen and Susan Musser. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2009. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 20 Nov. 2013.

Metaphysics Essay -- Philosophy Reality Empiricism Essays

Metaphysics Metaphysics idler be defined as an attempt to comprehend the basic characteristics of reality. It is in fact so basic that it is all inclusive, whether something is unmistakable or non. It answers questions of what things must be like in order to exist and how to differentiate from things that seem real but are not. A common feeling is that reality is defined as what we can detect from our five senses. This type of philosophy is called empiricism, which is the idea that all knowledge comes from our senses. An empiricist must on that pointfore believe that what we can see, touch, taste, smell, and hear must be real and that if we can not in fact see, touch, taste, smell, or hear something, it is definitely not real. However, this is a problem because there are things that are real that cannot be detected by our senses. Feelings and thoughts can not be detected, so according to a true empiricist, they must not be real. Another example that is listed in the textbook is the laws of gravity (Stewart 84). This is something that is in fact proven and we can see the effects of it, but we can not see gravity itself. Once again, this would not be considered to be real. However, there are certain things that some people consider to be real, and others consider them not to be. This typically comes into play when discussing religion. Some people consider God to be real although they can not sense Him and others say that He is not real, peradventure because of the fact that they can no...

The Development of Psychology Essays -- Research Essays Term Papers

The cultivation of PsychologyPsychology is defined as the scientific demand of behavior and the mind. This definition implies three things. The first is that psychology is a lore, a field that can be studied through objective methods of observation and experimentation. The back is that it is the study of behavior, animal activity that can be observed and measured. And the third is that it is the study of the mind, the conscious and unconscious mental states that cannot be seen but inferred through observation. This contemporaneous definition of psychology sheds light on the history of psychology, for it only became a science in the late 19th century though psychological plan has been present since Antiquity. Previously, psychology had been studied indirectly in the fields of philosophy and physiology.The term psychology has been around for many centuries, coming from two Greek manner of speaking psyche, which means soul, and logos, which means the study of. Before the psycholo gy developed into a science, philosophers from as early as Ancient Greece were asking all sorts of psychological questions much(prenominal) as where do emotions come from, does the world we see exist in color, what is perception and what is reality? But philosophers debating these questions relied on the method of rationalism to explain these phenomena. rationalism uses logic and reasoning to find truth. This technique is far from objective and cannot accurately determine scientific truth. Psychology also had roots in physiology, a break of biology that studies living organisms and their parts. Physiologists would conduct studies of the brain and the nervous system to explain mental illnesses, an important area of study in the field of psychology. Physiology however, is... ... of the most recognisable are behaviorism, which arose out of criticism of introspection as a valid research method and set out to study only behavior which could be observed directly. Edward Thorndike, Iva n Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner influenced this new take on psychology. Other movements include humanistic psychology in the 50s and 60s, and cognitive psychology of present day.Sources Consultedhttp//www.dustbunny.fsnet.co.uk/Psy1.htm The Development of Psychology article on the history of psychology as a field of scientific studyhttp//www.alleydog.com/101notes/history.html The Field and History of Psychology university class conjure on the history of psychologyhttp//www.psy.pdx.edu/PsiCafe/History/EmergenceOfPsy.htmA Psychology Resource Guide with links to relevant sites regarding the emergence of psychology as a science

COP 3530, Discrete Data Structures and Algorithms, Summer 1999, Homework 4 :: UFL Florida Computer Programming Homework

Class Notes Data Structures and AlgorithmsSummer-C Semester 1999 - M WRF 2nd Period CSE/E119, Section 7344Homework 4 -- receivable Wed 16 June 1999 09.30am -- firmness KeyAnswers are in blue typeface. * Question 1. Write pseudocode and a diagram that shows how to implement the merge part of the merge-sort algorithmic rule using two clutchs (one for each subsequence), and be sure to use the correct ADT operations for stacks. Do not write Java code, or pseudocode for merge-sort. Answer 1. Put the two sorted subsequences to be merged, denoted by S1 and S2 on stacks of the same name. Assume that the sorting is in ascending order hence, each stack has its minimum values at the top of the stack. 2. The merge algorithm proceeds as follows repeat until S1 or S2 is empty v1 = pop(S1) v2 = pop(S2) output(min(v1,v2)) if (max(v1,v2) = v1) then push v1 onto S1 else push v2 onto S2 endif

COP 3530, Discrete Data Structures and Algorithms, Summer 1999, Homework 4 :: UFL Florida Computer Programming Homework

Class Notes Data Structures and AlgorithmsSummer-C Semester 1999 - M WRF 2nd Period CSE/E119, Section 7344 grooming 4 -- Due Wed 16 June 1999 09.30am -- Answer KeyAnswers are in blue typeface. * Question 1. Write pseudocode and a diagram that shows how to implement the shuffle part of the merge-sort algorithm using two stacks (one for each subsequence), and be sure to use the correct ADT operations for stacks. Do not write chocolate code, or pseudocode for merge-sort. Answer 1. Put the two sorted subsequences to be merged, denoted by S1 and S2 on stacks of the same name. Assume that the sorting is in ascending do hence, each stack has its minimum values at the top of the stack. 2. The merge algorithm proceeds as follows repeat until S1 or S2 is empty v1 = pop(S1) v2 = pop(S2) output(min(v1,v2)) if (max(v1,v2) = v1) then weight-lift v1 onto S1 else push v2 onto S2 endif

Subcultures in Organization

Discuss whether an organization might be better considered as consisting of many sub- elaborations which ar conceptually dissimilar, instead than one major stopping point. * An introduction Culture, whether in some organization or society, is about people. People play a key role in culture. People pretend culture.And because people are individual units with different opinions, values, goals, attitudes, wants and needs and at the same time they interact with some other people, they share all of these things with others on the build of the communication and they influence each other, so naturally it leads to exchange of their opinions, many confrontation and conflicts. But confrontation and conflicts do not always mean something wrong, it sess bring improvement, progress, and change. And likewise, it goes the same in organizations. One person is equal to one opinion in some concomitant issue.And nobody cannister suppose this is a good or bad way or termination. For somebod y it is obvious that some manner is the best and for another person it can mean something completely different. More people, more opinions and more points of view. Sometimes it can make more difficulties and another time make things easier. That is why it is not easy and clear to say whether an organization might be better considered as consisting of many sub-cultures which are conceptually different, rather than one major culture. Because we take to take into account all of these things which I mentioned before.In this essay I try to assess all factors related to somatic culture and its sub-cultures and find out pros and cons of one major culture and sub-cultures in the organization. * A primaeval part In the beginning lets have a look at two basic terms which are fundamental in this topic. These are corporate culture and sub-culture. Everybody knows what to imagine under these words. But everybody can imagine something else, each of us perceives corporate culture differently a nd this is the reason why there pull through a lot of definitions of culture.Of course I allow for not write down many definitions here but I would like to mention scarce one which on my opinion is the most apposite. According to Andrew Brown (1995, 1998) who stated the definition of organizational culture in his book Organizational Culture is the interest Organizational culture refers to the pattern of beliefs, values and learned ways of coping with experience that have developed during the course of an organizations history, and which tend to be manifested in its material arrangements and in the behaviors of its members. Simply said, organizational culture is everything what surrounds us at work. Organizational culture influences everything what it happens in a company, companys success and efficiency. When we are victorious into account two companies with the same technological equipment, so theoretically they should be equally successful, but they are not. Why? The answer i s different corporate culture. incarnate culture can support strategy and companys goals but on the other side it can mean for company obstacles in progress, higher cost and pocket-sized competitiveness. Every organizational culture can contain many sub-cultures.And sub-culture in organization is the second very historic term which I want to mention. We can say that sub-culture is natural phenomenon within the company and a subgroup of a larger organizational culture with the unique values and beliefs. Subcultures are caused by a particular employees interests, different levels of management (e. g. hand worker x manager) different functional areas (people have another scope of employment or elucidate totally different types of problems or with the same scope of employment but with insufficient cooperation e. . Human resources x Informatics) or by large distance within the same organization. In many lawsuits the presence of sub-cultures is desirable for company and positive but the culture in the company has to be governing and people within the sub-cultures have to bind common goals and values. In other cases it is counter-productive and subcultures deny dominant culture and they can damage the whole company because subcultures can get in to the conflict and polish integration and coordination within the organization.For dominant culture are typical definite communication within the company, clear companys goal and values, desirable behavior, uniform attitudes and following speedy decision making and planning and increasing motivation and team belonging. The majority of company believes in the core values of organization. But the strong cultures have to push-down store with some problems as lessflexibility,sticking to thepast experience company is not toowillingto accept change, isolation from the surrounding environment and information.On the other hand there exist weak corporate cultures where there are really bad communication among members of co mpany, variety of opinions and values and people do not follow companys core ideas. If the managers do not support meetings, cooperation a communication among employees, sharing information and experience, then people look for their own way how to communicate, solve the problems, make decisions and set up the priorities according to their own values, needs and wants. * A conclusion And back to the question what is better? One company = 1 culture or 1 company = many subcultures?Do we want one major culture where the well-defined values and principles will be followed by intimately all employees in the company? If course, we do. But what will be happening if these values and principals are not so clearly defined and managers do not follow it? Or these values are considered as fundamental and unchangeable and company never wants to accept another new approach although things are changing with time. The company finds itself in crisis. And what about the other possibility? What about the presence of some subcultures in the company? The one strong culture and co-existed other subcultures?Subcultures which are different from each other, with different values, needs, behavior for example according to level of management or function but still identifying with the core values of dominant culture of the company. But what will be happening in the case that the culture is not so dominant? Then people in the subcultures will have totally different opinions, they will follow other values and the goal of the company will be different and company will have big difficulties to achieve their goals, satisfy their employees and also customers, the communication will be confused and a lot of conflicts will be occurred.So how to get to the ideal solution? As we know nothing is ideal but we can try to get to ideal solution as closer as possible. In case of one main culture and other subcultures on my opinion the organization should insist on clear and accurate definitions of its strategy, mission the fundamental purpose of the organization, what art the company is, sight where does company wish to go? , core values what are the desired behavior and characters, attitudes and etc. Also another really important thing is clear formulation of well-arranged conditions of work, e. g. equired ways of behavior at work (dress code, manners), assessment, remuneration, education and trainings (mandatory or voluntary) of employees. Company should inform their employees not just about changes but also about all things mentioned above as much as possible. Each a new employee should be familiarized with companys strategy, its values, mission, vision and so on. Company should also support communication among particular subcultures for example organizing regular meeting where they will make them acquainted with all news in each subculture, with changes, outcomes, future plans and all important things which happened.Another advice which I would recommend is to arrange t eambuilding activities and trips, company-wide actions (cultural, sport, charity) which converge employees together. And managers also take care of different opinions and values of his employees and appropriately proceed them. In case of the one dominant culture without any subcultures in the company I would recommend to target the opened mind during a decision making and take into account and assess more alternative than one and for example the company can hire some external experts in a lot of tasks because they can bring a lot of new ideas into the company.Also an employee participation in many staff trainings, courses and seminars and their exchange of experience there can table service to see things in a different light. Because nowadays the life is going really fast, things are change every day, technological progress and also peoples thought process as well that is why I think that company should be open to all changes, new approaches and methods so on my opinion and with respect to open time the one strong culture with many subcultures is the most suitable for companies.And we have to take into account that organizational culture is not important only for current employees of the company but also for new coming employees sometimes people prefer atmosphere in the company to for example salary. And corporate culture gives current employees some confidence what direction the company will take and what they can expect. Because when we have a look at this fast going and changing world it is clear and understandable that people need security jobs and income and the right corporate culture can help to find it and also maintain it.A disposition of referenced sources Books LUKASOVA, R. , NOVY, I. and et al. Organizacni kultura, 1. ed, Prague Grada Publishing 2004, 176 p. ISBN 80-247-0648-2, s. 64 SIGUT, Z. Firemni kultura a lidske zdroje. 1. ed. Prague ASPI, 2004. 87 p. ISBN 80-7357-046-7. Internet SUN, S. cit. BROWN, A. , Organizational Culture. (2nd ed ). Pitman Publishing, 1995,1998 in International Journal of Business and Management 2008, December http//ccsenet. org/ ledger/index. php/ijbm/article/view/760/726 - 1 . SUN, S. cit. BROWN, A. , Organizational Culture. (2nd ed). Pitman Publishing, 1995,1998 in International Journal of Business and Management 2008, December http//ccsenet. org/journal/index. php/ijbm/article/view/760/726. 2 . LUKASOVA, R. , NOVY, I. and et al. Organizacni kultura, 1. vydani, Prague Grada Publishing 2004, 176 p. 3 . SIGUT, Z. Firemni kultura a lidske zdroje. 1. ed. Prague ASPI, 2004. 87 p. ISBN 80-7357-046-7.

Cinderella Trend Analysis

Cinderella, directed by Clyde Geronimi, is a movie about a pretty fille who has been made a servant by her ugly stepmother and step infants, and deserves a better life. Cinderella is the fairy tale basis for all other movies, in which the underdog prevails against all odds. always After, directed by Andy Tehnant, is a movie based on Cinderella. Besides some differences in characters and a change in setting, it has the same good shell evil concept. Maid in Manhattan directed by Wayne Wang is a new-fashi onenessder version. It brings motherhood and a difference in ethnicity to the table.Although the servant girl also prevails in this newer version, she does so by working hard at her job and keeping her independence. The condition, Fairy Tales and a Dose of Reality, by Catherine Orenstein, is about the non-realistic fairy tales that media today legato displays. Between picking bachelors and winning game shows, these unrealistic shows give people false perceptions. Commercialism, Ma terialism, and the Drive to Fulfill Beauty Ideals in the United States by Katie Hickey, is an article that discusses some of the media affects on girls.All of these sources deal with the trend of girls trying to become the perfect image. During the process of idealizing the perfect image, many girls suffer psychological problems with themselves and their own clay image. Since the times when artists inaccurately drew their models to bring in a more appeasing painting, the media has always touched up wo hands. This trend is demonstrated from paintings, magazines, fairy tales, and boob tube. Shows like The bachelor-at-arms and Joe Millionaire demonstrate how easily won over a man fundament be by a simply beautiful woman.Many of the women are far from intelligent but unmatched standard to be a participant seems to clearly be looks. From Katie Hickeys article, women stare at beautiful female faces out of esthetic appreciation, to look for potential tips-and be fount a beautiful wom an could be a rival worth monitoring. Women in media almost always measure up to the physical perfection standard. Because of this, competition also is a motive in this trend. People learn from fairy tales that if a prince gets a choice between two women, he will pick the most attractive one. This is true for everyone and is pure genetics.One of the inaugural lessons taught is to non judge from the outside, but that it is whats inside that counts. Realistically, first impressions are mostly visual and make huge impacts. People understand this and go to the media to know what they are supposed to look like. Causes that lead this trend to stay are mostly pressure from expectations of society. Media, advertising, and fairy tales people grow up with, all play a role. In Ever After, Jacqueline is treated worse than her sister is because their mom believes she could not possibly have a chance with the prince.Margaret, however, is displayed as a petite figure with blue eyes and blonde hair plot of ground her sister is thicker in size with black hair and brown eyes. Margaret gets special treatment and the adoration of her mother while Jacqueline, at one point, even gets chores thrown at her like she is a servant. Again, in Cinderella, the stepsisters are portrayed as ugly and deviant without a chance at the prince. Cinderella on the other hand, is petite, blonde-haired, blue-eyed, and although she is deviant, viewing audience long her to win the princes heart.She lies just as much as the stepsisters but has more of a chance at the prince because the charming prince could only urgency a charming wife. When young girls grow older, they drop the fairy tale role models and move on to models that are more realistic the ones on television that are lean, mean, dieting machines. Mothers always tell their daughters not to idolize models because the magazines use effects and touch-ups to create their beauty. Although this is true, those models are still something to com pare to and thus still create a competition atmosphere.They are the ones that create the fashion, hair, and make-up fads. They are the ones people read about getting thinner and getting plastic surgery. Why should advertisers collar this? After all, In 2006 alone, the top 20 global beauty companies accumulated one hundred and four billion in sales (Hickey). Television is broadcasted for one thing and that is to sell. As long as people are willing to buy, these media messages will not be stopped. The social impact of this trend is the growing add together of girls and women with bulimia, anorexia, drugs, and plastic surgery.With the perfect bodies and models in majority of the media, the next step for the women around the world is a quick and easy way to have the same image. With new technology, there is more and more ways to quickly change your body, many being in un vigorous ways. According to a survey, sixty-seven percent of women in the U. S. between the ages of twenty-five and forty-five are trying to lose weight. Fifty-three percent of these sixty-seven percent are already at a healthy weight and are continuing to try to lose more (Hickey). In Maid in Manhattan, Marisa Ventura does not get noticed in her aid uniform. It takes her fertilization up in expensive clothing to get a man to notice her. This is the same in Cinderella and Ever After.Not only do the men not notice the underappreciated women, but when they find out the women are lower class, the men are furious and appalled. The message that is getting across to women is if you are not naturally a Cinderella, change yourself to become what society expects to be able to be saved by prince charming. The pressures of media and of having a perfect body image can cause psychological problems to many.When young girls grow up reading fairy tales and happily ever afters, the princess who prevails is clear to them. As girls get older, this trend does not go away, it only changes idols. Pressures of the me dia, friends, and even pressures of ones own standards can cause things like bulimia, anorexia, or the rise in plastic surgery. This will also cause many health problems to more and more girls at strikingly younger ages. Self-esteem can also be lowered when constantly comparing ones self to the high standards the media feeds us. This trend is likely to continue because of advertising, and expectations of society.

Leslie Brinkman at Versutia Capital Essay

IntroductionVersutia detonating device experienced some early success in its babyhood due to the emotional attachment its employees had with the company and its leader, Leslie Brinkman. Leslie provided a team oriented, supportive environment based on her core values that, in turn, attracted a diverse group of talented staff members. Initially this appeared to be a great foundation for long-term success. Unfortunately, the recent deterioration of the companys performance has revealed that Leslies leaders under oblige does non match the core values of her organization. Leslie Brinkman must now ask herself How do I behave under pressure and what signals am I sending my employees? 1 Analysis Under pressure, Leslie Brinkman behaves impatiently. During responsibility hours, Leslie loses her temper over fluctuations in stock performance. As one analyst recalled, You had to picture Leslie at a good moment otherwise she might fly off the handle or jump down your throat.2 Outside of offi ce hours, Leslie continues to ride her staff. One analyst recalled, It was not unusual to go to dinner with friends to see that I had three emails from Leslie regarding stock positions it was understood that I needed to respond, and if I did not, I would often receive a follow up from Leslie asking whether I had received her previous message.3 Under pressure, Leslie Brinkman is not team focused. Leslie does not allow time for staff collaboration. Staff work upwards of 12 hours per day and are expected to be available by Blackberry 24/7. 4 Analysts describe the work environment as stressful noting that Leslie puts undue pressure on them and frequently expresses her disappointment in a blunt, confrontational manner. An analyst noted, I was feeling increasingly burdened and I wasnt sure Leslie would be sympathetic.5 Leslie admits that morale is low and that it isnt the team oriented atmosphere she had dreamed about when she created the firm.6 Recommendation Leslie demand to learn to i dentify her stress triggers and modify her behavior in those situations to ensure her actions adjust with her core values. If successful, the usefulnesss go out be two fold (a) Leslie will benefit by becoming a positive role model for her staff and (b) Versutia Capital will benefit byincreased team cohesion.1Langton, N. & S. Robbins. Values, Attitudes and Their Effect in the Workplace. In Fundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, 3rd Canadian ed., (Pearson Prentice Hall. 2007), p.10. 2 Julie Battilana and Rob Kaplan Leslie Brinkman at Versutia Capital,HBS no. 9-407-089, (Boston Harvard Business School Publishing, Rev July 23, 2007), p.10. 3 Ibid.,p.8. 4 Ibid.,p.8. 5 Ibid.,p.10. 6 Ibid.,p.11.Action Steps Leslie must take responsibility, reflect and get process in order to successfully learn to identify her stress triggers and modify her behavior under pressure, so her actions reflect her core values. Primarily, Leslie must take responsibility. Leslie needs to immediately acknowl edge that her leadership is the root cause of the dysfunction manifesting in the workplace. Secondly, Leslie must reflect. Leslie needs to take one week off of work (away from the office) to yard back and gain perspective on her behavior, and the effect her leadership style is having on office dynamics. 7 Finally, Leslie must get help. Leslie does not have the skills to steer this problem on her own as demonstrated by the array of questions she has come up with and the corresponding lack of answers.8 Leslie needs to hire an administrator coach to meet with her when she returns from her week long break, to help her map out what her specific stress triggers are, and how she can effectively deal with them. Conclusion Leslie Brinkmans leadership under pressure does not match the core values of her organization. She must learn to identify her stress triggers and modify her behavior in those situations to ensure her actions align with her core values. If Leslie is able to do that by ta king responsibility, reflecting, and getting help it will result in tangible benefits to her and her company.BibliographyBattilana, J. and Rob Kaplan Leslie Brinkman at Versutia Capital, HBS No. 9-407-089, Boston Harvard Business School Publishing, Rev July 23, 2007.Langton, N. & S. Robbins. Values, Attitudes and Their Effect in the Workplace. InFundamentals of Organizational Behaviour, 3rd Canadian ed. Pearson PrenticeHall. 2007.

Woman for President

I think a woman should be president of the get together States because it greatly shows that a woman push aside do anything a man can do. I think unless(prenominal) you give a woman a bump to be president you wont know if a woman could make a good president or not. I believe if a woman became president it could lower the discrimination of wo workforce throughout the world. I also feel if a woman became president it could increased equality between men and women. If a woman was president I think if there was a problem she could talk about it and make a good decision to care it.A woman should be president because discrimination against women could change a lot. It would show a great deal of people that a woman is capable of tally a country. It could show people throughout the world that if a woman can run a developed country like the unite States, a woman can do anything. I also think it would be a positive change throughout the entire country. It would be a outsized change beca use normally you would see a man doing such a high power job.This proves that if a woman is president more women would be less worried to do a job because of getting discriminated against. A woman should also be president because it would increase equality between men and women. It could make to reveal that men are more accepting of women and vice-versa. This doesnt mean that men and women will get along happily ever after further it does mean that men and women can try to get along much more easily with a for woman president.This proves that if a woman is president this could get around men and women getting along for the check of the country. A woman should be president because a woman could be more understanding to people in need. A woman for president could do more in giving people what they want in a fair matter. I think if set about with a problem and woman would think and talk about it much more thoroughly than a man would. In recent years manly presidents have resulted into poor decision-making when faced with a problem, such as war, and violence.This proves that if a woman is president she could handle problems in a less violent and better way. Overall I think a woman should be president. I think a woman could run the United States of America much better than a man. A woman for president could decrease discrimination of women by showing that a woman can do anything a man can do. A woman for president could increase equality between men and women. A woman as a president can affect the United States in a positive way. Overall I think a woman should and can be president if she has the right qualifications.

The Rate and Sequence of Development in Children and Adolescents Essay

Human exploitation comes at conception and continues right through to adolescence after(prenominal) which the young adult emerges.In order to inform best practice when working with pincerren its important to understand the instruction of barbarianren and young people and whatsoever key concepts that affect it.Areas of studyChildrens growth is often thought of in four atomic number 18asPhysical This concerns the break outment of take functions cognitive This is the development of a churls index to perceive and understand the world most them. It includes skills involved in memory, abstract thought, acquire and discretion affectionate and ablaze fond and emotional development centers around the childs perception of their own identity and their place in society. It concerns their relationships and attachments, self-image, gender and psychosexual development and ideas around pietismCommunication The child acquires skills in oral communication and non-verbal commun icationAgain, these areas of development are associate. The childs cognitive king bequeath affect his acquisition of language skills. His ability to notify give influence his social interaction, which in turn provide affect his moral development.Each development follows on from the last and a deficiency in mavin area may lead to problems arising in the childs development across a wide range of skills. express more Explain how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of external factors essayRate of schoolingIt is important to urinate that although development occurs in a common order, the treasures at which a child develops can vary. This can influence the approach that must be taken when working with children as we must take into account each individuals stage of development and adapt our approach accordingly.The rate of development is influenced by galore(postnominal) factors both genetic and environmental. For example, a bollocks up bequeath commonly array to smile socially at around 6 weeks sexagenarian. However, if the child is non talked to or smiled at during the first few weeks after birth they may not smile socially until much later(prenominal) while a baby who ascertains lots of positive communication in those early weeks may smile sooner than 6 weeks. soul DevelopmentDevelopment in children is closely linked to their brain development.At birth a baby give own almost all of the brain cells or Neurons that they go step up develop throughout life. Brain function develops as the Neurons create links between one an different called synapses. At 2-3 eld old children have almost twice as many synapses as they depart have in adulthood.Throughout a childs development their Neurons develop a fatty coating that en sufficients the cells to function more efficiently and speeds up signal transmission through the synapses.The more a synapse is used the stronger it get downs and the developing childs environment is essential for this strengthening ferment, providing the stimuli unavoid sufficient to develop strong synapses.During late childhood and adolescence the brain undergoes a process called pruning whereby it rids itself of excess synaptic connections and reorganises itself to become more efficient. This process can dis simulated military operation case a temporary diminution in certain skills in adolescents, particularly those requiring cerebrate and social communication.Stages of DevelopmentIn order to understand development in children we commonly break it down into 5 stages. These areInfancy Birth to 1 year oldEarly Years 1 to 3 old age oldChildhood 4 to 7 years oldPuberty 8 12 years oldAdolescence 12 19 years old.The stages are not fixed at the ages given but rather serve as a guide for the development of the average child. This allows professionals to gauge whether a child is making appropriate developmental progress and decide whether interventions are necessary.Deve lopmental stages can also be talked about in terms of milestones. These are the ages at which we would seem to see most children having achieved a certain stage in their development. For example, most children volition be able to locomote alone and un-aided at 18 months old. Many children pass on achieve this at an earlier age however.The stages of development are linked and sequential. This means that all children will develop in the akin order and each skill or ability serves as a foundation for the next.InfancyDuring the Childs first year the majority of their development concerns their physical ability. Development is rapid when compared to later stages although the rate of cognitive and social development is highly dependent on the quality of fear the child receives.Development in the first year can be observed as followsBirth to 1 monthThe infant will gain more crack over his neck and be able to begin supporting his own head albeit unsteadily. He will be able to grasp i tems when they are place in his palm and have the ability to coordinate the movement of his head and eyes.He will be interested in bright and shiny objects as he begins to interpret the world around him. This also leads him to gaze intently at his carers, imitating their facial expressions.During the first month the infant will use cries to render when he needs attention. He will learn which cries are more effective and begin to tailor his communication to the circumstances.The infants cognitive development begins at a basic level, sightedness him react to bright lights by blinking, crying when they require a need to be met and beginning to track abject objects with their eyes.1 3 monthsDuring the infants second and third month he will begin to become interested in his own movements, contend with his hands and watching them intently. He is able to kick and wave his arms and legs and set aside an object for a few seconds.By six weeks old we would expect to see social smiling a s his social and emotional development carries on. This can occur earlier or later depending on the quality of care the infant receives.The infant will begin to deal sounds and identify their direction, will stop crying when he hears a human voice and will begin to vocalise when he is spoken to or indeed when he is alone.Cognitively, the infants development is liquid at a relatively slow rate while his senses and movements are refined. Over this catamenia he will distinguish between and follow the movements of large and small items.3 6 monthsThe infant will develop strength in his arms, using them for support when lying down. He will be able to hold on to small items and pass them from one hand to another. He is also able to sit upright with support.During this period there is an increase in the infants social and emotional development, seeing them voacalise and engage with his carers. He will also become more interested in other babies and begins to become interested in social interaction. In recipe circumstances the infant will begin to display stranger fear behavior although, according to attachment theories put forward by Mary Ainsworth and later Mary Main and Judith Solomon, these behaviours can vary and may not present at all depending on the type of attachment the infant has made with his unproblematic caregiver. The infant may also make use of a comfort object, for example a blanket or toy.During this time the infant will begin to communicate in an interactive way, responding contraryly to different noises, laughing during play and through the understanding of round-eyed words such as No and so long bye. Now, with his new-found interactive skills, his cognitive development begins to speed up. He will become extremely curious and attempt to investigate his environment thoroughly. Objects are oft time put into the mouth and he develops the ability to apply object permanence, becoming able to calculate the position of objects that have been drop ped and rolled out of sight.By their first birthday they should be able toArea of DevelopmentIndicatorsPhysicalCoordinate their limbs and move around by crawlingUse fine motor skills to manipulate objects with their hands Sit up alone and support their own head and neckFinger feedCognitiveUnderstand the world around them and begin to developobject permanenceBehaviour becomes goal directedSocial and EmotionalRecognise their usual carers and display stranger fear.Communication pay off to form simple speech soundsAble to communicate through pointingK direct his own nameEarly yearsBetween the ages of 1 and 3 years old the child gains a greater awareness of their identity and social interaction. They also refine their motor skills and develop a greater ability to communicate and speak.12 18 MonthsThis period is an exciting time in a Toddlers physical development. He will improve his ability to walk with support until he is able to confident(p)ly walk unaided, be able to feed himself wi th a spoon and have refined his fine motor skills to enable him to grasp objects such as a crayon. He will begin to honor kicking and rolling a freak and will have shown his predilection for either his right or left hand.The child will begin to display temper tantrums and become more assertive and emotionally volatile. He will feel safe in routine and will rebel at changes to it. During this stage the child will be egocentric and enjoy playing alone. He will struggle to understand sharing and will display stranger shyness, retreating to the safety of his main caregiver whenfeeling scared.Between the ages of 12-18 months the child will begin to speak with the first words emerging and building to a vocabulary of around 18-20 words. He will be able to follow simple instructions and will begin to mimic sentences spoken to him, particularly the last few words.The childs cognitive development will see him learning how objects work together through play with toys such as blocks. He will be able to recognise familiar people and point to different parts of the body. He will be able to appreciate picture books and recognise and indicate named objects.18 Months 2 YearsThe child will now be able to climb stairs unaided and enjoy climbing over furniture when he has the opportunity. He is able to build a dominate with blocks and manipulate drawing tools to generate circles and dots.During this time the child will begin to become interested in other children although will still be loth to share. He begins to develop empathy for others and becomes more emotionally stable with a reduction in the frequency and severity of tantrums. He will become more confident when left in the care of others.His language development will continue with his vocabulary growing to around 200 words. He will become able to form simple two-word sentences and will begin to talk to himself as part of play.2 Years 2 Years 6 MonthsThe child will become bigger and stronger, allowing him to exert mo re force on his environment. This promotes confidence and the child will be able to experiment with jumping, walking on tiptoes and play with balls and other toys.The child will start to play cooperatively in small bases and develop an idea of gender identity. He will become change magnitudely emotionally secure and will use the safety of his caregiver as a base to explore the world around him.The childs vocabulary will continue to grow rapidly with the child understanding more complex grammatical rules such as plurals. He will be able to hold simple conversations with others and have learned to count to 10.Over the last year the child will have learned to differentiate between colours and recognise a few of them. He will be able to draw more accurately and use tools such as paint traversees, scissors and crayons.By their third birthday they will be able toArea of DevelopmentIndicatorsPhysicalThe child is able to complete more complex physical tasksThey will have developed their fine motor function and be able to manipulate objects more accurately They will be able to walk independently and climb stairsCognitiveContinue to learn through behavior modeling, copying more advanced behaviours Begin to explore the world around themThe child will use role play and creative play to develop their thinking processes The child is able to carve up objects using simple criteriaSocial and EmotionalThe child becomes egocentric and struggles to see situations from anothers perspective Has a clear idea of gender identityBegins to interact with a wider peer group and engage in group playCommunicationIs able to speak clearly and uses a vocabulary of around 200 300 words tacit struggles to understand nonverbal communicationChildhoodFrom roughly aged three to the age of seven years old the child sees a rapid development in their social and communication abilities. They develop ideas around rules and social acceptance while growing bonds with peers. They also experience an in crease in their cognitive ability and physical skills.3-4 YearsDuring this time the child may learn to ride a bike and will be able to throw and catch a ball accurately. He will be able to take more control over his personal care with the ability to dress and undress and to brush his teeth. He will be able to control his hands more accurately, allowing him to use scissors to cut around an object.The child will develop friendships and enjoy cooperative and dramatic play. He will have a strong sense of gender awareness and become stable and emotionally secure. Alongside an increase sense of independence he will also find a reduction in the anxiety associated with being separated from his carers although he will still need comforting and reassurance.The Child will learn to use short, grammatically correct sentences and begin to use language to gain information about their world. He will still make errors in tense however will be easily understood and will easily imitate adult speech.Th is period see interesting cognitive development in the child. He will begin to classify objects using simple criteria such as weight, and understand third-person concepts such as in front of and next to. He will understand the routine of daily life and be able to recognise key times such as meal times and bed time. He will also have developed a greater understanding of colour and will be able to draw more complex objects such as a full person or a house.5-6 YearsBetween the ages of 5 and 6 years the child will increase in their technical ability. He will have begun to form letters and be able to release his own name while also developing his gross motor skills to allow him to hit a ball with a bat and run with increasing speed.The child will now start to develop a sense of morality and will be concerned about other peoples perceptions of him. He will freely form firm friendships and be able to play complex games while remaining supportive to other children.During this stage the chi lds vocabulary will continue to grow quickly, exceeding 5000 words. His speech will be clear and fluent and he will gain usance from jokes, singing and rhymes. He will recognise new words and ask for definitions to clarify their meaning.Cognitively he will develop in several areas. His ability to read and write will increase, seeing him sight reading over ten words and being able to read simple books with a pocket-sized more effort. He will be able to write more fluently, forming words and will be able to draw with increasing sophistication. He will be able to understand concepts around quantity including whole and half while also being able to count as far as 100. His understanding of routine will increase and he will be able to predict the order of future events.By their seventh birthday a child shouldArea of DevelopmentIndicatorsPhysicalThe child will be able to perform complex tasks such as catching and throwing a ball Their fine motor skills will allow them to perform tasks l ike threading a needle and using scissorsCognitiveHave a basic understanding of rules and consequencesThe child will be able to understand concepts such as humour and fairness They will have a creative imaginationSocial and EmotionalThe child will interact easily with peersThey will understand the concept of society and fitting in They will be able to play cooperativelyThe child is more able to understand anothers perspective CommunicationThey begin to derive pleasure from communicatingThey are able to use more complex language techniquesThe child is able to express himself through writing and drawingPubertyFrom ages 8 to 12 years old children begin to experience puberty. Typically this occurs earlier in girls while in boys it may not happen until as late as 14 years old. During this time their body undergoes changes to become sexually mature and the child develops a more advanced perception around gender and sexuality.The brain begins the pruning process during this phase and so we see an increase in the childs ability to analyse their own thought process coupled with a reduction in the ability to use reasoning skills, social communication and empathy.By the age of 12 a child shouldAreas of DevelopmentIndicatorsPhysicalThe child by now will possess good coordination skillsTheir body will begin to develop into the adult form with an increase in hormone activity CognitiveThe childs analytical abilities will be good and they will be able to solve problems independently They will be able to classify and compare objects using complicated variables They will develop a strong idea of personal identity and genderSocial and EmotionalThe child will become more independent and place a greater emphasis on peer relationships They will begin to challenge authority and test out boundaries to further develop their independence Temporarily experience a reduction in their reasoning abilityCommunicationThey are able to express themselves eloquentlyThey can describe ideas about themselves, for example their strengths and weaknesses Their social communication skills may weaken temporarily through the pruning processAdolescenceDuring adolescence young people develop their ability to understand abstract concepts while gaining their independence. Their physical development is almost complete and they now learn to deal with complex adult emotions, sexuality, and their strengths and weaknesses.Their communication skills and reasoning ability gradually return allowing them to maintain complex relationships and make choices about their future.By age 19 the young adult willArea of DevelopmentIndicatorsPhysicalTheir bodies will now be fully matured and they will have high skill in various areas Their reaction times and coordination will be goodCognitiveTheir ability to use reason will returnThey will be able to use abstract thoughtsThey will have a perception of their place in the worldThey will be able to question information and make rational decisions based on e xperienceSocial and EmotionalDevelop a greater link with his peer groupSelf esteem can affected by physical changes friend pressure becomes a more important factorCommunicationThe young persons social communication and empathy will return towards the end of adolescence They will be able to understand and express complicated abstract concepts

Participatory Workplace

The organization to which I am affiliated employs about five employees. The owner of the workplace is our boss. Typically, the organization is receptionist that is, it is produces service-oriented products. The organization produces exactly hair products since it has limited resources to diversify product sale. Comp bed with other seam establishments, the organization is small.In my 25 years of work, the organization grew little probably because its capital suitcase was insufficient for expanding capital outlay. The organization though continues to provide the public quality hair products. Its supply chain of hair products is relatively impart and diverse. The organization washbasin procure hair products from different manufacturers. This makes transactions more competitive (because of the existence of many manufacturers).The organization is typically controlled by the principles of human resource oversight. Independent contractors argon used for the procurement of supplies. Hi ring of employees involves several stages. First is the identification of positions vacant. Second is finding potential recruits to fill these vacancies. Third is training the recruits to ensure that they will become heights performing employees. The selected recruits will be hired. They will be given employment packages and benefits (corollary to their type of work). Terms of employment and regulations of the fast will be discussed in plan sessions.This is done to make the employees aware of the bulletproofs policies and current economic standing. Regulations will serve as limits to employee behavior in the workplace. Most of the time, regulations are systematically arranged in manuals which are given to employees. In the case of my organization, selection of potential employees is easy and not as restrictive as that of large business establishments. Usually, selection of potential employees and the training period are limited to 2 or 3 weeks. Orientation of the organizations policies and regulations usually take a day (this is so since the organization is small).In sociology, centralization is defined as the process by which activities of an organization, especially those about decision- fashioning are concentrated within particular(a) positions or areas. Centralization can be vertical or horizontal. Vertical centralization is the typical relationship between departments and the get along with of directors. The board of directors usually provides the world(a) framework of a given policy.The managers of the departments implement the provisions of a policy. Hence, the managers execute the specifics of a given policy. Horizontal centralization is the typical relationship between departments. In organizational theory, some departments are generally important than other departments. For example, the sales department is usually more important than the legal department of a potent precisely because the former holds the future of the star sign. The sales d epartment determines the financial status of a firm. Hence, relatively, the actions of the sales department may determine the actions of the other departments.Under centralization, open communication is only possible between managers of several departments and the general manager of the firm, and between the board of directors and the general manager. Open communication between ordinary employees and the management is done through division supervisors (although the information becomes blur as it passes from one level to another). Open information is only possible for high level managers and of course, the board of directors.Standardization is the process of agreeing upon a given set of guidelines for interoperability. Standardization is tantamount to enacting rules to maintain the operability of an organization. Hence, an organization creates standardized procedures in order to provide the employees an efficient and efficient means of rendering work to the firm. For example, standa rdized guidelines for hiring employees allow a given company to select the best and efficient people to occupy vacant positions in the company. In addition, standardization generally prevents work discrimination in a company. This is so since the behavior of all workers in a company is limited by standardized work procedures.Role specialization in industrial sociology is defined as the diversification of job positions in the workplace. As one may note, jobs in most companies are highly diversified. Diversification ensures efficiency and effectiveness of a company. Diversifying job positions saves time and amount for a company. In addition, diversification provides the avenue for change magnitude cooperation and interdependence among workers. For example, rather than employing two script writers, it is efficient for a moving picture production group to employ one script writer and one film reviewer. This saves time for the firm.Autonomy is a condition in which employees are given s ome freehand over the nature and discourse of their jobs. This is typical of research firms where employees are given deadlines. The employees are free to do anything so long as the prescribed work is finished on or before the given deadline. By giving some autonomy to the employees, alienation is prevented. The employees are able to exercise their work values (professionalism) and skills without institutional limits.The diffusion of power in a firm should be made more uniform to allow workers more voice. Resting power to one person or group of persons prevents workers from airing their grievances. Thus, in making the distribution of power more uniform, the firm creates institutions or channels that can absorb all the grievances and acquires of the workers. Once the grievances are well documented, negotiation is the only believable option. In the negotiation process, the management and the workers should have equal powers in terms of negotiation. The options that management will take should be compensated by the actions that the workers will enforce. applied science should be made more human-resource oriented that is, technology should put under the discretion of both the management and the workers. If the management solely controls the direction of a firms technology, the workers loses value. If the control and direction of a firms technology solely belongs to the workers (e.g. in communist countries), the firm loses potential earnings.Therefore, there is a need to strike a middle position between the management and the workers. A middle position will enable the two parties to cooperate effectively with estimation to the use of technology in the company. In addition, this will make work more democratic (employees and the management).In terms of skill, no substantial changes are requirement except that related skills should be realigned. This will allow more cooperation between employees, and consequently, making work more participatory (since every job in the firm is viewed essential to the continuity of a firms operations).Here are then the necessary changes that the management should undertake to make work more participatory1) Realigning related jobs increased cooperation among related jobs increases employee participation and motivation of employees2)Putting some technologies of the company under the control of the employees the employees will determine the production process (work in general), making their perception of the workplace more positive. This will generally increase participation among employees3)And, institutionalizing open channels of communication (grievances included) the needs and grievances of the employees will be taken into work out by management. If these needs and grievances are addressed, the management will expect an increased worker propensity to participate in company activities.ReferenceHall, Richard and Pamela S. Tolbert. (2004). Organizations Structures, Processes, and O

Puberty Rites in Ghana

Puberty Rites After the child naming ceremony, puberty rites ar the next set of rituals of neighborly status transformation which children undergo in Ghanaian culture. The most well preserved puberty rites argon the Dipo (pictured) of the Krobo ethnic group and the Bragoro of the Ashantis. These ceremonies mark the entry of juvenile women into adulthood. In Ghana only a minuscular section of ethnic groups usually found in the northern parts of the country have facility rites for men and where they occur they be done in secret and not given as a good deal prominence as that for young women.In the Akan culture women represent the beauty, purity and self-respect of the society and are guarded against corruption by our traditional laws and regulations. The most lasting impressions about life and the character of children are built during their early and formative years, which they spend mostly with their mothers. So the Akans believe that they need properly proficient mothers with good morals to bring up good children.It is therefore little wonder that the initiation of women into adulthood is given more prominence in the Akan society than that of men. Under the supervision of the queen mother of the townspeople or village in collaboration with some female opinion leaders, young women who have had their foremost menstruation are secluded from the community for a period between two and three weeks during which they are taught the secrets of womanhood. During this period of seclusion the girls are given lessons in sex education and birth control.They are also taught how to relate to men properly so that they can maintain a good marriage and their dignity in society. After the period of seclusion, a durbar is held which is attended by the chief and almost everybody in the community. The impertinently initiated women are dressed scantily with very beautiful African beads and cosmetics showing off their springy statistics. Young men of marriageable age tr oupe there to feast their eyes on the young women and to select their prospective wives.Amidst drumming and dancing the rituals are carried out with the spirit of Oynankopong Kwame, Asase Yaa and the departed ancestors invoked to bless the participants and assure their protection, blessing and fertility during their period of motherhood. According to traditional law no woman is allowed to get matrimonial without haven gone through the puberty rites and every young woman must remain a virgin prior to this.These laws ensure that young women grow up disciplined enough to control their sexual urge and to prevent them from premature motherhood and unwanted babies. So important are these laws that any woman who gets big(predicate) or breaks her virginity before the rites are performed is sometimes ostracized together with the man responsible for it. On top of that, a heavy fine is imposed on the guilty party after which purification rites are performed to resign the society of the neg ative repercussions of their actions.

Gary B. Nash’s Race and Revolution Essay

Gary B. Nashs Race and Revolution offers an insightful adaptation of the the Statesn Revolution which led to the abolishment of hard cut backerry in the join States. The appropriate is formed as a group of essays that had sprung from a series of lectures. The text focuses on the misadventure of the the Statesn Revolution to litigate its initial goals and to do justice to the oppressed line of achievement. Nashs thesis in this book is thus that this ill should be blamed re everyy on the northern leaders rather than the southern cardinals.The book peers consortly into the general atmosphere of the Revolution and into the important causes of the misfortune to fully recognize the Afri set up Americans as an capable run away. In Nashs view, the hypothesis harmonise to which this failure should be blamed on the inflexibility of the Southerners is non a correct interpretation of the events. Instead, the decline of the initial ecstasy that inspired the abolitionist moveme nt should be blamed on the growing sense of superiority that prevailed among the Northern leaders.Thus, Nashs briny purpose is to appearance that the evolution of events during the American Revolution best evinces the blood between the both diverging laundrys. As the indite stresses, the failure to give the benighteds true independence and equal rights at that time is not due to the die hard of sparing interest over humaneness, but rather to the growing supremacist tendencies of the puritys. To demonstrate this hypothesis, Nash organizes his work in troika chapters which correspond to the three different stages of abolitionism.Moreover, the book is supplemented and supported with a series of documents which argon also illogical according to each of these stages. As Nash proposes, the jump stage of the abolitionist movement was one of spreading fanaticism with regard to the abolition of thralldom. During the untimely 1770s, there was a growing awareness among the colo nies of New England with regard to the mutual exclusiveness of thralldom as an institution with the main precepts and fundaments of the American nation and of democracy.Around this time, the leaders as soundly as the public at large began to regard the problem of bondage from a new angle, realizing that this put was in stark contradiction with the basic human rights. There was therefore a sense of guile of falsity underlying the main principles of the democratic nation. As Nash emphasizes, the idea of abolition was commencement embraced with great enthusiasm by a majority of the colonists.As the title of the chapter reads, this multiplication can be called the conversionary generation, precisely because it formed and sustained a new idea with regard to sla in truth(prenominal). The branch wave of the alteration seemed to grasp the problem of slavery in its entirety. The leaders as well as the common concourse began to gain insight into the atrocities perpetuated by slave ry. The just observation was do that the lastence of slavery in America was a real opprobrium for the country and its status among the other countries of the world.The Americans began to perceive the necessity of reform and abolition of slavery. The institution of slavery began to be considered as a sign of the lack of civilization and advancement on the part of the country. As Nash points out, at this time, awareness grew towards the series of moral, religious and social justifications for the abolition of slavery. In the first place, slavery was considered a debasing institution that functioned at the center of a democratic nation.Thus, many raft began to see slavery as a plight on forward- scenting society that reminds of the admitted abuse on people that should pass water had equal rights. Nash documents his research into the atmosphere of the time, emphasizing that the problem of slavery was increasingly passd in all circles, at the start of the 1770s In 1773 Benjamin R ush informed Granville Sharp, the English abolitionist, that the disembodied spirit of liberty and religion with regard to the poor Negroes spreads rapidly throughout this country.(Nash, 2001, p. 9) The people felt that the abolition pull up stakes be almost a salvation of the nation and it will offer a new beginning for America. Generally, slavery began to be perceived as a sin and a plight on the modern world. As Nash observes, the transformation was prompted by the spread of this idea among the communitiesAs Winthrop Jordan has argued, by the eve of the Revolution, there was in New England a generalized sense of slavery as a communal sin. (Nash, 2001, p.10) Thus, in the first part of his essay, Nash lingers on the incipient enthusiasm for abolitionism at the beginning of the Revolution. There were voices that called for the immediate prohibition of slave trade and that proposed laws and declarations against slavery. The principles of democracy were being thus restated, as the most pertinent argument for the abolition of slavery all men are born equally free and independent, and that they have certain natural, inherited and inviolable rights. (Nash, 2001, p.13) Slavery was also seen as a breach in the countrys international role. America was not completing its role as a model democracy that the rest of the world should look upon, but on the contrary it was drawing attention towards the cruel and extremely unjust practices of slavery occupation slavery the opprobrium of America they proposed a gradual emancipation that would regain Americans the respect of all Europe, who are astonished to see a people eager for Liberty micturateing Negroes in Bondage.(Nash, 2001, p. 13) Therefore, Nash carefully analyzes in his first essay the various reasons that prompted and accelerated the movement. There were governmental, religious and moral issues that condemned slavery at the resembling time and imposed a movement against it. There were also leaders that obser ved that slavery was a flawed institution from the start, since it un chiefablely permitted a crime and an infringement on the rights of other man.According to Nash, this was seen as a political fallacy, as it encouraged the existence of a system that was yet worse than the grim model in England for instance, that America wanted to avoid the most And with what execration should the statesman be loaded, who permitting one half of the citizens thus to trample on the rights of the other, transforms those into despots, and these into enemies, destroys the moral of one part and the amor patriae of the other.(Nash, 17) The data that Nash collects together for the first part of his essay prepare the terrain for the rest of the research. The author thus achieves an almost dramatic effect by pointing not only to the actual circumstances and events but to the atmosphere of the time and to the general opinion on slavery and the revolution. According to Nash, later on having shown the early anxiousness and the enthusiasm of the people for the revolution, it seems even more difficult to explicate the eventual failure of the revolution.His second essay in the book treats therefore of the second or nub stage of abolitionism. Nash emphasizes the incident that, contrary to customary belief, it was the northern states that had the greatest contribution to this failure In particular, I wish to stress the role of the northern states in the failure to abolish slavery and to show how economic and pagan factors intertwined in what was not a judicious decision by the leaders of the new American nation but their most tragic failure.(Nash, 2001, p. 6) Nash points out that this was perhaps the most tragic failure in the American system, and one that has left a permanent blemish on the nation. The second chapter therefore begins with the main questions that become immediate after analyzing the initial enthusiasm and the eventual failure. Nash explains that he diverges from the co mmon view according to which the newly formed union of states was too young to be able to act correctly from a political or social point of view.Moreover, he also insists that the Southerners self-interested opposition was not the draw a blank of the abolitionists In explaining the failure of the new nation to come to grips with slavery, historians have repeatedly pointed to the precariousness of the newly forge union of the states and the intransigence of the lower South, particularly Georgia and South Carolina, in thwarting the widespread swear of those in the North and upper South to see the traffic of slaves ended for ever and the institution of slavery on the road to extinction.(Nash, 2001, p. 25) Nash comes here close to the center of his demonstration throughout the book. His main idea is that the failure should not be blamed on the controversy between the North and the South. The southerners were thence guided by their economic interests in preserving slavery as an ins titution. The slave owners and the slave traders were equally unwilling to part with the fat system of slavery. In Nashs view however, neither of these motivations were in truth the reason for the failure.He proposes and demonstrates therefore that the failure came from a national ideological handicap rather than from a regional one. In his view, the failure should actually be attributed to the Northerners that failed to carry the democratic principles to their ends. Thus, Nash provides an explanation for the gap between the initial elation with respect to abolitionism and the later(prenominal) hostility of the neat people against the black.Nash perceives this hostility that emerged powerfully after the revolution, as an constitutional supremacist attitude and racism. turn slavery was in itself a cruel and even barbaric practice that deprived the other race of freedom and dignity, the hostility that followed the liberation of the blacks was in itself a proof of the inherent ide ological racism that permeated the white communities.In the fourth letter attached for documentary purpose at the end of the book, the reaction of the black community against this growing hostility becomes put on I proceed again to the consideration of the bill of absolute rights belonging to black men, the passage of which will only tend to show that the advocates to emancipation can consecrate laws more degrading to free man and more injurious to his feeling than all the tyranny of slavery or the shackles of infatuated despotism. (Nash, 2001, p. 196) Slavery was an open attack on the other race.However, the racism implied in the acts and bills issued after the revolution had waned are indicative of the extent to which this ideology pervaded the white communities of the time. The point of the demonstration seems therefore to hold the failure to treat the black people as equal after their liberation was due to the inherent racism of the whites. Although freedom and human rights w ere advocated as grounds for the revolution, the bills issued afterwards point to the inability of the whites to conceive racial equality with the blacks.The events that followed during the nineteenth and the twentieth century enhance this idea. The white and black communities have found it very difficult to accommodate each other. Even at the beginning of the twentieth century, the black men could lively as free people but still did not have equal rights to the white community. In his book, Nash achieves a succinct and powerful demonstration of the pervasive racism that motivated many of the events of the revolution at the end of the eighteenth century.Nash thus alleges that the only explanation for the compromises proposed as a replacement for abolitionism is actually the fact that the whites from both North and South equally failed to regard the blacks as their equals in any respect. The enigma comes from the early enthusiasm of the revolution, that seemed to be the mark of a n ovel and wise understanding of the harmonious relationship that should exist between all the human races at all times.Nash argues therefore that this enthusiasm was perhaps not grounded on a real understanding of the circumstances and that it was more of a theoretical conclusion rather than an actual digest of the situation. The northerners did not agree with slavery in principle as being a skirt chaser and base practice, but were not ready to regard the African Americans as their equals. This fully explains why the revolution actually completed in a series of compromises rather than in the triumph of democracy and humanism, as it should have been expected. Gary B.Nash offers in his book a diachronic account with a timeline of the objective facts and events during and briefly after the revolution, but also a pertinent theory with respect to the inherent concept of race at heart the American civilization. He lies out and analyzes a block of data as well as genuine testimonies an d documents of the time. It is obvious that he insists more on opinions and declarations from the time of the revolution, rather than on mere facts. Thus, he bases his analysis on the concepts and ideologies which circulated at the time.The supportive material offered for investigation at the end of the book is also very useful for the reader, as it backs up the demonstration that Nash confuses. Race and Revolution is, as the title emphasizes, more than a simple historical account. It is an analysis of the concept of race and its importance in American register. Nash chooses the time of the revolution to investigate the concept of race precisely because this seems to have been a turning point in the relationship between the white and the black communities.Moreover, at this point, the evolution of the racial conflict seems to have been clearly predicted. The book casts a new light on the revolution itself, which had been preserved as the remembrance of a magnificent cause, dispute d among the two regions of the linked States, the North and the South. Nash draws attention to the actual picture of the revolution as a civil war in which the cause itself was not very clear. The text is therefore structure according to this main point of the demonstration the reason why slavery became even more powerful at the very aftermath of the foundation of the United States as a nation.The allusion to the implicit racism at the centerfield of the national sleep together of America is inescapable. Nash interlocks therefore the two events the failure to abolish slavery and recognize the African Americans as a people with equal rights and the foundation and uniting of the nation itself. He contends therefore that these two events are symbolically related, as the concept of race is deeply rooted in the American experience and culture. Nashs work is therefore an important analysis that provides new insight on the history of America, of race and on that of the African America ns.The book is all the more fundamental since there has been only very itsy-bitsy historical investigation of the African Americans as a separate race at this particular moment in time. In fact, most of the accounts of African American history skip the period of the revolution all together, thus failing to shed light on a very important moment. The role of the blacks in the Revolution itself is also commonly ignored by historians. Race and Revolution thus draws attention to innate and yet un-investigated aspects of the American Revolution.The revolution, as Nash observes, is usually discussed as a great movement of emancipation and unification of the colonies on the territory of America. Given its importance as a historical event, the underlying racial debate on the question of slavery at the time is skipped or ignored. Nash demonstrates that this is an important moment for the evolution of the interracial relationships in America precisely because it actually functioned as a c rossroads in the history of the United States. If a different course of events had taken place at the time, the conflict between the two races exponent have had a very different outcome.Thus, the American Revolution was a decisive moment for the interracial contention precisely because is an early form of abolitionism. While endeavoring to obtain their own independence and rights from England, the colonies debated the fundamental question of slavery and whether it should be abolished. The moment is a turning point in history precisely because the choices made at the point where the nation was founded influence the subsequent ideological growth of the nation. Thus, Nash implies in his book that the noble-mindedness of the revolution was dashed by the failure of the colonies to abolish slavery at that time.As the author observes, the event of slavery and race was simply left by the revolutionaries to another generation to solve. This demonstrates that the idealism was sacrificed in favor of economical interest and that the abhorrence for the other race could not be eradicated even at a fundamental time as the American Revolution. Nash therefore achieves a very important statement in historical and cultural studies, pointing out that good causes can often be prevailed upon by petty interests.He also draws attention to the fact that some of the early abolitionists advocated the freedom of the black slaves for the same purpose of convenience, because they believed that white workers would be a better or more profitable option. The struggle caused by racial contention was therefore a complex and long process, in which idealism played a very nice part. The actual battle took place between various political and economical interests. Nash also highlights that slavery actually increased its rate in the middle of emancipation again due to economical interests.The invention of the cotton wool gin in 1793 for instance brought a tremendous enhance to the plantation of cotton and implicitly to the pauperisation for slaves as working force. The causes that the revolutionaries fought for were thus not as simple and luminous as they are usually thought to be. The slavery debate at the time of the early republic best demonstrates that the social and political scenes were already very complex theatres. Gary B. Nashs Race and Revolution is therefore a complex investigation of many aspects of the American Revolution and the slavery debate that took place at the time.The structure and the coherence of the ideas make the book an insightful and useful glance at the events that took place during the American Revolution. The importance of the book can be therefore estimated as quite high, since it sheds lights on new aspects of the revolution and of the early republic. It also demolishes the fable of the revolution as one of the most glorious moments in American history. While there was indeed a stream of idealism permeating the nation at that time, there w ere also many economical and political interests at play.What becomes clear after reading Nashs book is that the revolution did not have enough ideological force to suppress racism and implicitly slavery. The abolishment was in fact a slow, gradual process that can be said to have spanned the entire nineteenth century and more than that. Despite the fact that among the revolutionaries there were people who had an novice idea about democracy and human rights in general, their force was not sufficient to alter the course of history and prevent further racial conflicts.The fact that the racial war was not won at the time even though independence was gained, proves that race is an inherent concept that will probably always generate conflict and debate. Nash book demonstrates that even at a time of idealism like the revolution, racism was still at its height and impossible to suppress. It also proves an important and general remark on the course of history itself, as it pinpoints the co mplexity of the events during the revolution. The structure of the historical events is never simple and unanimity is very hard to be achieved on a certain point.Therefore, the work emphasizes many aspects of the American Revolution, stressing its importance as a event in the history of the African Americans and in the history of race itself, as a concept. It provides a useful reading precisely because it makes a clear and concise demonstration of the way in which racial debates are fundamental to the American nation itself. The paradox at the center of the American civilization is thus unveiled and discussed along the tumultuous history of the United States, a very high idealism and democratic principle has mingled with the desire for progress and economical advancement.The history of the United States seems to be permeated by example of opposite aspects entering into an irreconcilable conflict. The highly democratic and enlightened principles of the American Revolution are shadowe d thus by the racial debate underlying the main events. As such, the book is an interesting reading for anyone desiring to perfect his or her knowledge of the history of the United States and its cultural paradoxes. References Nash, Gary B (2001). Race and Revolution. Maryland Rowman and Littlefield

Is Marxism Still Relevant Today?

The Industrial rotation (1750-1850) had brought about significant changes in agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and technology and concomitantly realised an era of curious stinting growth in capitalist economies. It was inwardly this era that Karl Marx had observed the deprivation and inequality experienced by men of the p bureautariat, the working clan, who had projected excessively for hours under inhumane conditions to earn a minimum net income time the bourgeoisie, the capitalist circle, reaped the benefits.For Marx it was this fundamental inequality indoors the aff sufficient and sparing hierarchy that had enabled capitalist societies to function. magic spell Marxs theories, in many instances have been falsified and predictions invalid, his ideas about assort struggle and contravention being a motivator for change is motionless relevant in modern association. The disparity of wealth between occupations in Australia demonstrates that family l ine stratification is still inherent within confederation and the recent Qantas airline gainsay is a relevant example of this.Marxs theory of single out struggle originates with his belief that the history of all nonetheless existing society is the history of class struggles (Marx & Engel, 1848). Marx had established that difference of opinion between classes was the key driving office of history and the main determinant of friendly change. For Marx, encounter originates with the deterioration of a counterfeit consciousness and the subsequent acquisition of a unified class consciousness.Marx argued that that proletariat was under the influence of a false consciousness brought about with the acceptance of the dominant ideology that freedom and equality could be taken as an equal exchange of prod for wages (van Krieken et al. , 2010). Marx however, perceived this as an exploitive relationship because in capitalism, the jack only receives what is deemed sufficient to meet his basic needs for himself and his family, as opposed to the real value of his labour power.Marx had identified that the difference between the labourers wage and the value of the goods in which he produces is affectn as profit, of which only the capitalist is the beneficiary (Habibis & Walter, 2009). Marx had theorised that, as a result of this exploitive relationship, derangement would occur. Marx argued that commodification of goods and go produced in conjunction with the lack of control over the end result would mean that workers would no eight-day recognise a connection with their labour, and hence become alienated from their labour.Only with the recognition of class exploitation and alienation would a class consciousness develop. Marx referred to class consciousness as a class for itself, de noning a collective self-awareness of the interests shared by members of a social group (van Krieken et al. , 2010). Marx predicted that class consciousness would create a conflict of interest between classes and revolution would eventuate. The bourgeoisie would be overthrown, capitalism would collapse and a classless order would emerge as its successor (van Krieken et al. , 2010). In post-modern quantify however, it is widely accepted that the opposite occurred.Critics insist that Marxisms credibility was eradicated with the fall of the communist states within the Eastern Bloc. While others such as China, although still governed by a communist party, have adopted numerous capitalist policies (van Krieken et al. , 2010). Marxism has also been criticised for its over-concentration on economic relationships and its tendency to overlook other forms of non-economic conflicts (Griffith, 2005). Feminists, for example, argue that the conflicts between male and female relations are not necessarily related to economics, but patriarchal.Furthermore, Marx like other social theorists at the time had ignored the role and contribution of women. Marx had described the prol etariat of industrial societies where manual labour was involved he did not however, take into consideration a womans domestic or procreative labour. Federici (2004) asserts that Marx failed to recognise the importance of reproductive labour because he had adopted the capitalist criteria for what constitutes labour and believed that a wage in exchange for labour would be the paradigm that shapes humanity. Considering that as of 2010, 45. % of the Australian labour force comprised of women it would seem that Marxs socialist aspect is less so equal or relevant in contemporary society. Marxism is practically cited as being irrelevant within contemporary society due to the fact that Marx had critiqued an almost incomparable society. McDonald & Brownlee (2001) argue that contemporary society exists in a post-modern era where westernised societies enjoy the benefits of higher living standards, where the rights of employees are elicited within the Australian Constitution and the rights o f humans are dictated within Geneva conventions.An era where employees are authorise to government pensions, allowances, superannuation, and employees accrue sick and annual leave (McDonald & Brownlee, 2001). Furthermore employees are able to seek total representation and are legally entitled to industrial carry out. McDonald and Brownlee (2001) assert that Fair Work Australia, established as an institution responsible for fixating minimum wage and resolving work related disputes, carry ons the notion that Australia is in passageway to become an egalitarian society with minimal class disparity.Critics have also argued that Marxism within western society is no longer relevant due to the incrementd levels of social mobility. Social mobility refers to movement in an separates or groups social position over time and is often assessed on their change in income over time (Borgatta & Montogomery, 2000). The traditional stratification of classes had a tendency to overlook the ticker class and analyse the two naturals of rich and poor, bourgeoisie and proletariat (van Krieken et al. 2010). In the context of Marxism, the gist class was ignored due to their perceived limited role within the governmental revolution that would depose of capitalism. In contemporary society however, the traditional labouring occupations have decreased, leading to a shortage of skilled labourers and tradesman. As a result these occupations often earn a higher income, blurring the line between working class and middle class (Braverman, 1974).In August 2011 the most common occupations were distinctly white collar with the workforce comprising of 22% professionals, 15% Clerical and administrative workers and 14% Technicians and trades workers (Australian Bureau Statistics, 2011). The evident emergence of the white collar-middle class within contemporary society significantly undermines Marxs theory of class stratification who had predicted an absorption into the working class and the emergence of a classless state. Despite this however, research has suggested that social mobility has not necessarily increased.Graetz and McAllister (1994) identified that while the shift between manual and non-manual occupations has increased since the 1970s, most of this has been the result of structural changes in light of technical innovations and advancements in modern society, as opposed to mobility in social classes. Moreover, Leigh (2007) argues that the youth of Australia are equally seeming to reproduce, or not reproduce, the class of their parents and that social mobility in the context of Australian youth, has not necessarily increased.Argy (2005) reinforces this rock and states that while Australia can be referred to as economically liberated country, there has not necessarily been an increase in equal opportunity and the statistical distribution of wealth within Australia is an evident example of this. The National nucleus for Social and Economic Modelling (NATSEM) was commissioned to conduct a study in relation to the distribution of wealth in Australia. NATSEM analyst Simon Kelly (2002) reported that the richest fifth of households in Australia each have, on average, forty times more wealth than the poorest fifth of the population.The NATSEM data reiterates that wealth within Australia is still concentrated in the detention of the wealthy minority who have ascertained the benefits of the economic growth in recent years by disproportionately increasing their personal wealth (Stillwell & Primrose, 2011). The disparity of wealth between occupations was a key index finger of the inequality between classes. NATSEM data identified that personal wealth is the highest for managers and administrators (men $250,000, women $183,300) and professionals (men $173,800, women $99,700).In contrast to these figures, the lowest personal wealth is held by the production and transport workers ($55,400), labourers (men 39,700, women $29,300) and trade persons (men 60,000, women 35,000) (Stillwell & Primrose, 2011). From a sociological perspective class inequality is often represented by comparing class personal wealth and income. From a Marxism perspective however, a persons social class isnt defined by personal wealth but quite the level of control that a person wields over the means of production.According to Ben Hillier (2012) it is measured in terms of social wealth derived from the control of the productive or financial apparatus of society. This can be interpreted as the bourgeoisie having ownership of the assets that enable modern society to function such as the telecommunications infrastructure, galvanizing companies, newspaper enterprises, transport facilities and mines etc. The transactional influence of these assets inevitably provides its owner with the power to influence governments of capitalist societies and make how society functions.The recent Qantas airways dispute demonstrated how this power is exercised. One recent example of class conflict inherent within Australian society was the Qantas airways dispute. On 29th October 2011, Qantas CEO Alan Joyce issued a press electrical outlet announcing the immediate grounding and cancellation of all Australian domestic and international flights and the lock-out of all employees without pay. Leading up to the unprecedented grounding, Qantas had been involved in contract negotiations with unions representing employees of the company.The unions were seeking a 3-5% wage increase and better job security for casual staff. (Mulcahy, 2011). Around the same time Qantas had announced its decision to slash 1000 jobs and restructure its exceed to move to Asia under a new airline Jetstar Japan. The traditional international routes within the North Atlantic were operating at a loss with a half year profit of $241 million a year ago, dropping by 83%, to $42 million (Ryan, 2012). Despite the evident decline in profit the airlines had awarded Alan Joyce with a 71% l ift in his total remuneration package to $5. 1 million, after he received $2. million worth of shares (Mulcahy, 2011). After two days the debacle finally finish with the intervention of the Federal government submitting an application to Fair Work Australia (FWA), terminating the industrial dispute and ordering Qantas to uphold operations. The verdict stated that those involved had 21 days to finalise a extermination to the dispute and uncomplete party could engage in further action for three years after a settlement had been made. If an agreement could not be reached the Fair Work industrial courts would arbitrate the details of the contracts (Mulcahy, 2011).The economic blow was expected to be profound, Qantas which represents approximately 65% of the aviation industry, contributes $6 billion to the Australian economy and employs 50,000 employees (Squires, 2011). Although Qantas reports that the dispute cost them $120 million, its share prices increased by 6% to $1. 61 (Frith , 2011). The controversy attracted much political and economic commentary speculating on who won the dispute and what this would mean for those involved. Alan Joyce explicitly stated that the FWA ruling was a favourable decision for Qantas as nobody any more can take industrial action (Taylor, 2011).This thereby would allow Qantas to restructure its fleet in Asia, ascertaining cheaper wages by outsourcing and offshoring labour, without any internal opposition. The unions established to represent the working class of businesses and corporations would be made obsolete for three years allowing any injustices within the workplace to remain unresolved. From a Marxist perspective this would mean that the bourgeoisie of the company, the CEO and high visibleness managers, who already have exceeding high salaries, would profit from the new means of production and the proletariat would be further disadvantaged with pay cuts and the isk of redundancy. Karl Marxs critique of industrial societi es developed out of the belief that conflict between stratified classes such as the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, would be the drive needed to perpetuate social change. Marx believed that with the acquisition of a class consciousness the proletariat would revolt against the exploitative capitalist institution, eradicating all class structures and establishing a socialist state. Admittedly, Marxs critique failed to recognise essential components of society such as the middle class and female representation which has significantly undermined Marxs theory of class struggle.Furthermore Marxs predictions have been falsified in light of modern developments which have led to many critics casting doubt on its relevance within contemporary society. The higher living standards, government allowances and union representation enjoyed by citizens within Australia all perpetuate notions of equality and repudiate the potential collapse of capitalism. Despite this however, there are still many i nstances of class inequality inherent in Australian society.The disparity of wealth between occupations in Australia demonstrates that the minority with extreme wealth have control over the means of production, and have used the power derived from it to influence societys development. The recent Qantas dispute is a testament of how this power is exercised and demonstrates how the wealthy minority are able to accumulate excess wealth at the expense of the labouring class. Thus attesting to the inherent class inequality that Marx had recognised, and acknowledging its existence within contemporary Australian society. ?